Cities worldwide are charged with the same challenge: that
of creating or retrofitting sustainable, intelligent infrastructure. Cities
need the best in design, geospatial, visualization and analytical tools to
realize a viable and intelligent city design. 3D City design is architectural
design times thousands, plus it must have the ability to be interwoven with
other surrounding infrastructure and foster an urban conversation.
Urban data must be managed, visualized and analyzed, taking
into account all legal, code regulations, utility and site planning as well as
legacy data and geography. City GML provides an open data model and XML-based
format for the storage and exchange of virtual 3D city models from the Open
Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and ISO TC211. A plethora of companies are
providing products for 3D cityscape technology, and providing GIS to be able to
manage, visualize and analyze all the information that makes up an entire
metropolis.
Not Just GIS
Anymore
3D cities take advantage of a lot of available data in the
form of 2D, 3D and 4D (temporal) data, satellite imagery, sensor systems and
processing devices both wired and wireless. The primary function of CityGML is
“to easily share semantically rich, georegistered 3D content to be used for
many applications such as visualization, integration with gaming simulators,
energy modeling, emergency response, etc.”
Other forms of data important to 3D cities include civil
engineering data as well as architectural CAD data and Building Information
Modeling (BIM) data. Data encoded using the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
an ISO standard for BIM issued by the International Alliance for
Interoperability (IAI) can also be incorporated into CityGML.
Challenges &
Solutions
3D buildings and cities have been part of Google Earth for
nearly two years. Google starts with 3D maps, generated via stereo
photogrammetry from aerial imagery then converts city data to full 3D that was
automatically generated. Google’s way of being able to provide visualizations
of new cities quickly in 3D, gives users the immediate, rich experience of a
city. Even though resolution isn’t always as sharp as you would find in an
application whose business it is to model buildings and terrain, this is
accessible to a great many people who are non-traditional GIS or CAD users. The
combination of Google Earth and Google SketchUp however, allows users to use
the SketchUp tool for preliminary drawings of buildings and the cities they
populate. Google’s influence on the world of 3D has fueled a movement among
technology providers to provide tools that are easier to use and can be used by
many non-technical people. Google also updates their satellite imagery twice a
month.
Another challenge is underground utilities mapping. For that
Bentley offers Subsurface Utility Engineer (SUE) software that allows people to
take the 2D GIS presentation and represent it in 3D for engineering purposes.
“When they make a new design they need to bring that data back to the 2D GIS.
A key technology in making 3D modeling of urban environments
affordable is the power of cloud computing. That, combined with more affordable
software access options, make the management of 3D city models possible on more
devices, making the technology far more mobile and facile.
visit us @www.urssystems.com
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